Amundsen Sea - Revision history

Westarctica: /* Naming controversy */

2019-01-17T06:38:03Z

Naming controversy

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:38, 17 January 2019
Line 7:		Line 7:

	==Naming controversy==		==Naming controversy==
	Starting in the 1930s, [[U.S. Navy]] personnel and scientists operating throughout [[Antarctica]] began to refer to the ~~Amudsen~~ Sea as the "Franklin D. Roosevelt Sea" in honor of the President of the United States, who had encouraged scientific research and exploration of the continent.		Starting in the 1930s, [[U.S. Navy]] personnel and scientists operating throughout [[Antarctica]] began to refer to the Amundsen Sea as the "Franklin D. Roosevelt Sea" in honor of the President of the United States, who had encouraged scientific research and exploration of the continent.

	When the Board of Geographical Names attempted to make the name change official, President Roosevelt made the decision to veto the new name before it could be approved because the Norwegians had already named it in honor of their famed explorer. FDR was later quoted as saying he preferred to have "a smoking volcano" named after him instead.		When the Board of Geographical Names attempted to make the name change official, President Roosevelt made the decision to veto the new name before it could be approved because the Norwegians had already named it in honor of their famed explorer. FDR was later quoted as saying he preferred to have "a smoking volcano" named after him instead.

Westarctica: /* Naming controversy */

2019-01-16T09:34:24Z

Naming controversy

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:34, 16 January 2019
Line 10:		Line 10:

	When the Board of Geographical Names attempted to make the name change official, President Roosevelt made the decision to veto the new name before it could be approved because the Norwegians had already named it in honor of their famed explorer. FDR was later quoted as saying he preferred to have "a smoking volcano" named after him instead.		When the Board of Geographical Names attempted to make the name change official, President Roosevelt made the decision to veto the new name before it could be approved because the Norwegians had already named it in honor of their famed explorer. FDR was later quoted as saying he preferred to have "a smoking volcano" named after him instead.

			However, his request wasn't granted and to this day, the only Antarctic featured named for the president is [[Roosevelt Island]].

	==Amundsen Sea Embayment==		==Amundsen Sea Embayment==

Westarctica: added snippit about Roosevelt naming controversy.

2019-01-16T09:29:36Z

added snippit about Roosevelt naming controversy.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 16 January 2019
Line 5:		Line 5:

	It is Westarctica's largest sea.		It is Westarctica's largest sea.

			==Naming controversy==
			Starting in the 1930s, [[U.S. Navy]] personnel and scientists operating throughout [[Antarctica]] began to refer to the Amudsen Sea as the "Franklin D. Roosevelt Sea" in honor of the President of the United States, who had encouraged scientific research and exploration of the continent.

			When the Board of Geographical Names attempted to make the name change official, President Roosevelt made the decision to veto the new name before it could be approved because the Norwegians had already named it in honor of their famed explorer. FDR was later quoted as saying he preferred to have "a smoking volcano" named after him instead.

	==Amundsen Sea Embayment==		==Amundsen Sea Embayment==

Westarctica at 22:58, 8 May 2018

2018-05-08T22:58:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:58, 8 May 2018
Line 25:		Line 25:

	==Russell Bay==		==Russell Bay==
	[[Russell Bay]] (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of [[Siple Island]], [[Getz Ice Shelf]] and [[Carney Island]], from [[Pranke Island]] to [[Cape Gates]]. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.		Russell Bay (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of [[Siple Island]], [[Getz Ice Shelf]] and [[Carney Island]], from [[Pranke Island]] to [[Cape Gates]]. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and [[U.S. Navy]] air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.

	[[Category:Seas]]		[[Category:Seas]]
	[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]]		[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]]

Baron of Bastanchury at 02:45, 3 May 2018

2018-05-03T02:45:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:45, 3 May 2018
Line 25:		Line 25:

	==Russell Bay==		==Russell Bay==
	[[Russell Bay]] (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of [[Siple Island]], [[Getz Ice Shelf]] and [[Carney Island]], from [[Pranke Island]] to Cape Gates. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.		[[Russell Bay]] (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of [[Siple Island]], [[Getz Ice Shelf]] and [[Carney Island]], from [[Pranke Island]] to [[Cape Gates]]. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.

	[[Category:Seas]]		[[Category:Seas]]
	[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]]		[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]]

Westarctica at 22:01, 2 May 2018

2018-05-02T22:01:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:01, 2 May 2018
Line 13:		Line 13:
	A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.		A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.

	Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.		Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the [[ice]] discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.

	A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the [[Hudson Mountains]]. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia.[ Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow, although currently the most popular theory among the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water. This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by [[global warming]].		A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the [[Hudson Mountains]]. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia. Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow, although currently the most popular theory among the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water. This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by [[global warming]].

	==Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean==		==Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean==
Line 22:		Line 22:

	==Pine Island Bay==		==Pine Island Bay==
	[[Pine Island Bay]] (74°50′S 102°40′W) is a bay about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide, into which flows the ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for the USS Pine Island, seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area.		[[Pine Island Bay]] (74°50′S 102°40′W) is a bay about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide, into which flows the ice of the [[Pine Island Glacier]] at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for the USS ''Pine Island'', seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area.

	==Russell Bay==		==Russell Bay==

Baron of Bastanchury at 11:47, 7 April 2018

2018-04-07T11:47:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:47, 7 April 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:AmundsenSea-map.jpg\|thumb\|Map of the Amundsen Sea]]		[[File:AmundsenSea-map.jpg\|thumb\|Map of the Amundsen Sea]]
	The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and [[Ross Sea]]s. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.		The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and [[Cape Dart]] on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and [[Ross Sea]]s. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.

	The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The [[ice sheet]] which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].		The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The [[ice sheet]] which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].

Baron of Bastanchury at 11:39, 7 April 2018

2018-04-07T11:39:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:39, 7 April 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:AmundsenSea-map.jpg\|thumb\|Map of the Amundsen Sea]]		[[File:AmundsenSea-map.jpg\|thumb\|Map of the Amundsen Sea]]
	The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross ~~Seas~~. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.		The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and [[Ross Sea]]s. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.

	The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The [[ice sheet]] which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].		The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The [[ice sheet]] which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].

Westarctica at 19:39, 30 March 2018

2018-03-30T19:39:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:39, 30 March 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
			[[File:AmundsenSea-map.jpg\|thumb\|Map of the Amundsen Sea]]
	The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.		The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.

	The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].		The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The [[ice sheet]] which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].

	It is Westarctica's largest sea.		It is Westarctica's largest sea.
Line 17:		Line 18:

	==Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean==		==Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean==
			[[File:Sea Ice - Amundsen Sea.jpg\|thumb\|Antarctic iceberg - Amundsen Sea in Westarctica]]
	In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of 200 km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24 cm (0.79 ft) of sea level rise, although it was suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative. However, the modelling study also states that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."		In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of 200 km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24 cm (0.79 ft) of sea level rise, although it was suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative. However, the modelling study also states that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."

65.223.62.142: Source of article predominately from Wikipedia article on the Amundsen Sea.

2018-03-30T19:35:50Z

Source of article predominately from Wikipedia article on the Amundsen Sea.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:35, 30 March 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is ~~am ummaed~~ "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.~~[1]~~		The '''Amundsen Sea''', an arm of the [[Southern Ocean]] off of [[Westarctica]] in western [[Antarctica]], lies between [[Cape Flying Fish]] (the northwestern tip of [[Thurston Island]]) to the east and Cape Dart on [[Siple Island]] to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the [[Bellingshausen Sea]]. West of Cape Dart there is an unnamed "marginal sea" of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] while exploring this area in February 1929.

	The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the Thwaites Ice Tongue protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.		The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].

	~~Contents~~		It is Westarctica's largest sea.
	~~1 Amundsen Sea Embayment~~
	~~2 Pine Island Bay~~
	~~3 Russell Bay~~
	~~4 References~~
	~~5 External links~~
	~~Amundsen Sea Embayment~~
	~~See also: Rossby wave § Oceanic waves~~

	~~Large B-22 iceberg breaking off from Thwaites Glacier and remnants of the B-21 iceberg from Pine Island Glacier in Pine Island Bay to the right of the image~~		==Amundsen Sea Embayment==
	The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment. In March 2007, scientists studying the ASE through satellite and airborne surveys announced a significant thinning of the ASE, due to shifts in wind patterns that allow warmer waters to flow beneath the ice sheet.		The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]], the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment. In March 2007, scientists studying the ASE through satellite and airborne surveys announced a significant thinning of the ASE, due to shifts in wind patterns that allow warmer waters to flow beneath the ice sheet.

	Some scientists have proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Scientists have found that the flow of these glaciers has increased in recent years, if they were to melt completely global sea levels would rise by about 0.9–1.9 m (1–2 yards). Scientist have suggested that the loss of these glaciers would ~~destabilise~~ the entire West Antarctic ice sheet and possibly sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.~~[2]~~		Some scientists have proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The [[Pine Island Glacier\|Pine Island]] and [[Thwaites Glacier\|Thwaites Glaciers]], which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Scientists have found that the flow of these glaciers has increased in recent years, if they were to melt completely global sea levels would rise by about 0.9–1.9 m (1–2 yards). Scientist have suggested that the loss of these glaciers would destabilize the entire West Antarctic ice sheet and possibly sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

	A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.~~[3]~~		A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.

	Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.~~[4]~~		Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.

	A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the Hudson Mountains. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia.[~~5][6]~~ Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow,~~[7]~~ although currently the most popular theory ~~amongst~~ the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water.~~[8][9]~~ This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by global warming.~~[10]~~		A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the [[Hudson Mountains]]. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia.[ Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow, although currently the most popular theory among the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water. This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by [[global warming]].

			==Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean==
			In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of 200 km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24 cm (0.79 ft) of sea level rise, although it was suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative. However, the modelling study also states that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."

	~~Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean~~		==Pine Island Bay==
	~~In January 2010~~, ~~a modelling study suggested that~~ the ~~"tipping point" for~~ Pine Island Glacier ~~may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat~~ of ~~200 km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24 cm (0~~.~~79 ft) of sea level rise, although it~~ was ~~suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative.[11] However~~, the ~~modelling study also states that "Given~~ the ~~complex~~, ~~three-dimensional nature~~ of the ~~real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation~~ of ~~reality~~.~~"[12]~~		[[Pine Island Bay]] (74°50′S 102°40′W) is a bay about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide, into which flows the ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for the USS Pine Island, seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area.

	~~Pine Island~~ Bay		==Russell Bay==
	~~Pine Island~~ Bay (~~74°50′S 102°40′W~~) is a bay ~~about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide~~, ~~into which flows~~ the ~~ice~~ of ~~the Pine~~ Island ~~Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea~~. It was ~~delineated~~ from ~~aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946~~, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ~~(US-ACAN)~~ for ~~the USS Pine Island~~, ~~seaplane tender and flagship~~ of the ~~eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area~~.~~[13]~~		[[Russell Bay]] (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of [[Siple Island]], [[Getz Ice Shelf]] and [[Carney Island]], from [[Pranke Island]] to Cape Gates. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.

	~~Russell Bay~~		[[Category:Seas]]
	~~Russell Bay (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides~~ of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.[14]		[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]]