https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&feed=atom&action=history
Drift ice - Revision history
2024-03-28T17:49:09Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.36.2
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=7875&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 01:55, 25 November 2019
2019-11-25T01:55:38Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:55, 25 November 2019</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Featured Articles]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=3679&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 19:20, 9 May 2018
2018-05-09T19:20:51Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:20, 9 May 2018</td>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=2966&oldid=prev
Baron of Bastanchury at 22:37, 30 April 2018
2018-04-30T22:37:23Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:37, 30 April 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Kontio_tow.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two vessels stuck in pack ice]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Kontio_tow.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two vessels stuck in pack ice]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Antarctic sea ice''' is the sea ice of the [[Southern Ocean]]. It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer. Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is in contrast to ice shelves, which are formed by glaciers, float in the sea, and are up to a kilometer thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which is attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Antarctic sea ice''' is the sea ice of the [[Southern Ocean]]. It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer. Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is in contrast to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Ice shelf|</ins>ice shelves<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, which are formed by glaciers, float in the sea, and are up to a kilometer thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which is attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sea ice in the Southern Ocean melts from the bottom instead of from the surface like Arctic ice because it is covered in snow. As a result, melt ponds are rarely observed. On average, [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] sea ice is younger, thinner, warmer, saltier, and more mobile than Arctic sea ice. Due to its inaccessibility, it is not as well-studied as Arctic ice.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sea ice in the Southern Ocean melts from the bottom instead of from the surface like Arctic ice because it is covered in snow. As a result, melt ponds are rarely observed. On average, [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] sea ice is younger, thinner, warmer, saltier, and more mobile than Arctic sea ice. Due to its inaccessibility, it is not as well-studied as Arctic ice.</div></td></tr>
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Baron of Bastanchury
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=1143&oldid=prev
Westarctica: /* Climate Change */
2018-03-27T19:01:11Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Climate Change</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:01, 27 March 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temperatures in the atmosphere and Southern Ocean have increased during the period 1979–2004. However, sea ice grows faster than it melts, because of a weakly stratified Ocean. Thus, this mechanism is responsible for an increase in the net ice production, contributing to more sea ice. The sea ice volume increase presents about half the size of the increased freshwater supply from the Antarctic ice sheets. Modelling suggests that observed ice-drift toward the coastal regions are responsible for dynamical thickening during autumn and winter.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temperatures in the atmosphere and Southern Ocean have increased during the period 1979–2004. However, sea ice grows faster than it melts, because of a weakly stratified Ocean. Thus, this mechanism is responsible for an increase in the net ice production, contributing to more sea ice. The sea ice volume increase presents about half the size of the increased freshwater supply from the Antarctic ice sheets. Modelling suggests that observed ice-drift toward the coastal regions are responsible for dynamical thickening during autumn and winter.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published in 2015 found that the subsurface ocean warming of [[ice shelf|ice-shelves]] increased freshwater runoff simulated by models, due to basal melt, and was responsible for an increase of sea ice in the winter months.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published in 2015 found that the subsurface ocean warming of [[ice<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>shelf|ice-shelves]] increased freshwater runoff simulated by models, due to basal melt, and was responsible for an increase of sea ice in the winter months.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monitoring these changes is important as this impacts the [[psychrophiles]] that live here.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monitoring these changes is important as this impacts the [[psychrophiles]] that live here.</div></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=357&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 00:58, 17 March 2018
2018-03-17T00:58:39Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:58, 17 March 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Konito_tow</del>.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two vessels stuck in pack ice]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kontio_tow</ins>.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two vessels stuck in pack ice]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Antarctic sea ice''' is the sea ice of the [[Southern Ocean]]. It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer. Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is in contrast to ice shelves, which are formed by glaciers, float in the sea, and are up to a kilometer thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which is attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Antarctic sea ice''' is the sea ice of the [[Southern Ocean]]. It extends far north in winter and retreats almost to the coastline each summer. Sea ice is frozen seawater that is usually less than a few meters thick. This is in contrast to ice shelves, which are formed by glaciers, float in the sea, and are up to a kilometer thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast ice, which is attached to land; and ice floes, which are not.</div></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=356&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 00:57, 17 March 2018
2018-03-17T00:57:43Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:57, 17 March 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Climate Change==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Climate Change==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Sea Ice Chart.png|thumb|right|400px|NASA chart showing sea ice loss]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent changes in wind patterns around Antarctica have advected the sea ice farther north in some areas and not as far north in others. The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice). Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent changes in wind patterns around Antarctica have advected the sea ice farther north in some areas and not as far north in others. The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice). Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The IPCC AR5 report concluded that "it is very likely" that annual mean Antarctic sea ice extent increased 1.2 to 1.8% per decade, which is 0.13 to 0.20 million km2 per decade, during the period 1979 to 2012. The effect probably has more than one cause. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The IPCC fifth Assessment </del>report <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(WG1) </del>concluded that due to the lack of data it is not possible to determine the trend in total volume or mass of the sea ice.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The IPCC AR5 report concluded that "it is very likely" that annual mean Antarctic sea ice extent increased 1.2 to 1.8% per decade, which is 0.13 to 0.20 million km2 per decade, during the period 1979 to 2012. The effect probably has more than one cause. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A separate </ins>report concluded that due to the lack of data it is not possible to determine the trend in total volume or mass of the sea ice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Implications for sub-surface temperatures and coastal currents have been identified, mainly related to changes in the southern hemispheric westerly winds, among possible implications is rapid <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Glacier </del>melting, thus affecting calving rates and subsequently sea ice formation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Implications for sub-surface temperatures and coastal currents have been identified, mainly related to changes in the southern hemispheric westerly winds, among possible implications is rapid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glacier </ins>melting, thus affecting calving rates and subsequently sea ice formation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temperatures in the atmosphere and Southern Ocean have increased during the period 1979–2004. However, sea ice grows faster than it melts, because of a weakly stratified Ocean. Thus, this mechanism is responsible for an increase in the net ice production, contributing to more sea ice. The sea ice volume increase presents about half the size of the increased freshwater supply from the Antarctic ice sheets. Modelling suggests that observed ice-drift toward the coastal regions are responsible for dynamical thickening during autumn and winter.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temperatures in the atmosphere and Southern Ocean have increased during the period 1979–2004. However, sea ice grows faster than it melts, because of a weakly stratified Ocean. Thus, this mechanism is responsible for an increase in the net ice production, contributing to more sea ice. The sea ice volume increase presents about half the size of the increased freshwater supply from the Antarctic ice sheets. Modelling suggests that observed ice-drift toward the coastal regions are responsible for dynamical thickening during autumn and winter.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published in 2015 found that the subsurface ocean warming of ice-shelves increased freshwater runoff simulated by models, due to basal melt, and was responsible for an increase of sea ice in the winter months.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published in 2015 found that the subsurface ocean warming of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[ice shelf|</ins>ice-shelves<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>increased freshwater runoff simulated by models, due to basal melt, and was responsible for an increase of sea ice in the winter months.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monitoring these changes is important as this impacts the psychrophiles that live here.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monitoring these changes is important as this impacts the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>psychrophiles<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>that live here.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Climate Change]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Climate Change]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Environment of Antarctica]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=354&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 00:53, 17 March 2018
2018-03-17T00:53:01Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:53, 17 March 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Pack </del>ice''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or '''drift </del>ice''' is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any </del>sea ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.).</del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1]</del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[3</del>] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drift ice is carried along by winds </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sea currents, hence its name</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When drift </del>ice is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">driven together into </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">large single mass (>70% coverage), it </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">called pack </del>ice<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.[1] Wind </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">currents can pile </del>up <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>ice to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form ridges up to several meters in height. These represent a challenge for [[icebreaker|icebreakers]] </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Konito_tow.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two vessels stuck in pack </ins>ice<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Antarctic sea </ins>ice''' is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>sea ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>the [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Southern Ocean</ins>]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. It extends far north in winter </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">retreats almost to the coastline each summer</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sea </ins>ice is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">frozen seawater that is usually less than </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">few meters thick. This </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in contrast to </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shelves, which are formed by glaciers, float in the sea, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>up <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to a kilometer thick. There are two subdivisions of sea ice: fast </ins>ice<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which is attached </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">land; </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ice floes, which are not</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">File:Kontio tow.jpg|thumb</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right|400px|Two ships stuck in pack ice</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sea ice in the Southern Ocean melts from the bottom instead of from the surface like Arctic ice because it is covered in snow. As a result, melt ponds are rarely observed. On average, </ins>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Antarctica</ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Antarctic</ins>]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sea ice is younger, thinner, warmer, saltier, and more mobile than Arctic sea ice. Due to its inaccessibility, it is not as well-studied as Arctic ice.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pack </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consists of floes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual pieces of sea </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 meters (66 ft) or more across. Floes are classified according </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">size: small – 20 meters (66 ft) </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">100 meters (330 ft); medium – 100 meters (330 ft) to 500 meters (1</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">600 ft); big – 500 meters (1</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">600 ft) </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">000 </del>meters <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(6</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">600 ft); vast – 2 kilometers (1</del>.2 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mi) to 10 kilometers (6.2 mi); </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">giant – more than 10 kilometers </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6.2 mi</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Measurements of sea ice==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Extent===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Westarctica's sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cover is highly seasonal</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with very little </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the austral summer, expanding </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an area roughly equal </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that of mainland [[Westarctica]] in the winter. It peaks during September</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which marks the end of austral winter</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and retreats </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a minimum in February. Consequently, most Antarctic sea ice is first year ice</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a few </ins>meters <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thick</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but the exact thickness is not known</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The mass of 18 million km^</ins>2 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of ice, for each meter of thickness, is 18,000 km^3 </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">roughly 16 gigatonnes </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">billion metric tons</ins>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drift </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affects:</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since the ocean off the Antarctic coast is almost always much warmer than the air over it, the extent of the sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is largely controlled by the winds and currents that push it northwards. If it is pushed quickly, the ice can travel much further north before it melts. Most ice is formed along the coast, as the northward-moving ice leaves areas of open water which rapidly freeze.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Security </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">navigation</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Thickness===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Climate Change|Climatic impact]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Because Antarctic ice is mainly first-year ice, which is not as thick as multiyear ice, it is generally less than a few meters thick. Snowfall and flooding </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the ice can thicken it substantially, and the layer structure of Antarctic ice is often quite complex.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Geological impact</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Biosphere influence</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pack </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can exert tremendous forces when rammed against structures, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can shear off rudders and propellers from ships and strong structures anchored to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shore</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">such as piers</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These structures must be retractable or removable to avoid damage. Similarly</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ships can get stuck between drift ice floes</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Climate Change==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Recent changes in wind patterns around Antarctica have advected the sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">farther north in some areas </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not as far north in others. The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Arctic Ocean</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since the Southern Ocean is warming</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two most important </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">packs are </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Arctic </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pack </del>and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Antarctica|Antarctic]] </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pack</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Polar packs significantly change their size </del>during <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seasonal times </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">year</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Because </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vast amounts of water added to or removed </del>from the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oceans </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">atmosphere</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the behavior </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">polar </del>ice <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">packs has a significant impact on global </del>changes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in climate</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">IPCC AR5 report concluded that "it is very likely" that annual mean Antarctic sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extent increased 1.2 to 1.8% per decade, which is 0.13 to 0.20 million km2 per decade, during the period 1979 to 2012. The effect probably has more than one cause. The IPCC fifth Assessment report (WG1) concluded that due to the lack of data it is not possible to determine the trend in total volume or mass of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sea </ins>ice<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Implications for sub-surface temperatures </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">coastal currents have been identified, mainly related to changes in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">southern hemispheric westerly winds, among possible implications is rapid Glacier melting, thus affecting calving rates and subsequently sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formation</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Temperatures in the atmosphere and Southern Ocean have increased </ins>during <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the period 1979–2004. However, sea ice grows faster than it melts, because </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a weakly stratified Ocean. Thus, this mechanism is responsible for an increase in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">net ice production, contributing to more sea ice</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The sea ice volume increase presents about half the size </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the increased freshwater supply </ins>from the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Antarctic ice sheets. Modelling suggests that observed ice-drift toward the coastal regions are responsible for dynamical thickening during autumn </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">winter.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A study published in 2015 found that the subsurface ocean warming of ice-shelves increased freshwater runoff simulated by models, due to basal melt</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and was responsible for an increase </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sea </ins>ice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the winter months.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Monitoring these </ins>changes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is important as this impacts the psychrophiles that live here</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Climate Change]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=353&oldid=prev
Westarctica at 00:42, 17 March 2018
2018-03-17T00:42:17Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:42, 17 March 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8">Line 8:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Security of navigation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Security of navigation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Climatic impact</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Climate Change|</ins>Climatic impact<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Geological impact</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Geological impact</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Biosphere influence</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Biosphere influence</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The two most important ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ice pack. Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal times of the year. Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere, the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The two most important ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ice pack. Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal times of the year. Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere, the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
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Westarctica
https://www.westarctica.wiki/index.php?title=Drift_ice&diff=352&oldid=prev
Westarctica: Created page with "'''Pack ice''' or '''drift ice''' is any sea ice other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to the shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs..."
2018-03-17T00:41:27Z
<p>Created page with "'''Pack ice''' or '''drift ice''' is any sea ice other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to the shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Pack ice''' or '''drift ice''' is any sea ice other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to the shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.).[1][2][3] Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents, hence its name. When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass (>70% coverage), it is called pack ice.[1] Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several meters in height. These represent a challenge for [[icebreaker|icebreakers]] and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kontio tow.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Two ships stuck in pack ice]]<br />
<br />
Pack ice consists of floes, individual pieces of sea ice 20 meters (66 ft) or more across. Floes are classified according to size: small – 20 meters (66 ft) to 100 meters (330 ft); medium – 100 meters (330 ft) to 500 meters (1,600 ft); big – 500 meters (1,600 ft) to 2,000 meters (6,600 ft); vast – 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) to 10 kilometers (6.2 mi); and giant – more than 10 kilometers (6.2 mi).<br />
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Drift ice affects:<br />
<br />
* Security of navigation<br />
* Climatic impact<br />
* Geological impact<br />
* Biosphere influence<br />
<br />
Pack ice can exert tremendous forces when rammed against structures, and can shear off rudders and propellers from ships and strong structures anchored to the shore, such as piers. These structures must be retractable or removable to avoid damage. Similarly, ships can get stuck between drift ice floes.<br />
<br />
The two most important ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ice pack. Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal times of the year. Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere, the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate.<br />
<br />
[[Category:</div>
Westarctica