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[[File:Westarctica Map w s pole.jpg|thumb|The South Pole in relation to Westarctica]] | [[File:Westarctica Map w s pole.jpg|thumb|The South Pole in relation to Westarctica]] | ||
The '''South Pole''', also known as the '''Geographic South Pole''' or '''Terrestrial South Pole''', is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies in Antarctica on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole. The South Pole is both the southernmost and easternmost point of [[Westarctica]]. | The '''South Pole''', also known as the '''Geographic South Pole''' or '''Terrestrial South Pole''', is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies in [[Antarctica]] on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole. The South Pole is both the southernmost and easternmost point of [[Westarctica]]. | ||
==Geography== | |||
For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work. | |||
The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northwards along the prime meridian. Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole. | |||
The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of [[Antarctica]] (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 meters (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at [[Bay of Whales]]. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 meters (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level. | |||
The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 meters per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the [[Weddell Sea]]. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time. | |||
The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year's Day to compensate for the movement of the [[ice]]. The sign records the respective dates that [[Roald Amundsen]] and [[Robert Falcon Scott]] reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301 FT.". A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site. | |||
==Historic monuments== | |||
[[File:50star-South Pole.jpg|thumb|First 50-star U.S. Flag being raised at the South Pole]] | |||
===Ceremonial South Pole=== | |||
The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]]. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original [[Antarctic Treaty]] signatory states. | |||
===Amundsen's Tent=== | |||
The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by [[Roald Amundsen]] on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.6 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface. | |||
===Argentine Flagpole=== | |||
A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. | |||
==Exploration== | |||
===Pre-1900=== | |||
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the very first being the Russian expedition led by [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] and Mikhail Lazarev. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the [[ice]]. | |||
The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer [[Charles Wilkes]] claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40, while [[James Clark Ross]], in his expedition of 1839–43, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole. (He was unsuccessful.) | |||
===1900–1950=== | |||
[[File:Admunsen-Pole.jpg|thumb|Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911]] | |||
British explorer [[Robert Falcon Scott]] on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by [[Ernest Shackleton]] and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S. Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (Nimrod Expedition) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back. | |||
The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian [[Roald Amundsen]] and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honor of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold. | |||
In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the ''[[Endurance]]'', was frozen in [[pack ice]] and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made. | |||
United States Navy Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd]], with the assistance of his first pilot Bernt Balchen, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on November 29, 1929. | |||
===1950–present=== | |||
It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by [[Admiral George J. Dufek]] of the [[U.S. Navy]] landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (C-47 Skytrain) aircraft. The US Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was established by air over 1956–1957 for the International Geophysical Year and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel. | |||
After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole overland (albeit with some air support) were Edmund Hillary (January 4, 1958) and Vivian Fuchs (January 19, 1958) and their respective parties, during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, Crary and Fiennes. First group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969. In 1978 Michele Eileen Raney became the first woman to winter at the South Pole. | |||
Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at Patriot Hills Base Camp, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions. | |||
On December 30, 1989, Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind. Two women, Victoria E. Murden and Shirley Metz reached the pole by land on January 17, 1989. | |||
The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from Hercules Inlet and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide, who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American Todd Carmichael of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours. | |||
The fastest solo (female), unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole was performed by Hannah McKeand from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9hrs 33mins. She started on the 19th November 2006 and finished on the 28 December 2006. | |||
In the 2011/12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian Aleksander Gamme and Australians James Castrission and Justin Jones jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from Hercules Inlet a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometers together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo. | |||
==Time== | |||
In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no a priori reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time (UTC+12). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("Operation Deep Freeze") out of McMurdo Station, which is supplied from Christchurch, New Zealand. | |||
==Flora and fauna== | |||
Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Remarkably, though, off-course south polar skuas and [[snow petrel]]s are occasionally seen there. | |||
In 2000 it was reported that microbes had been detected living in the South Pole [[ice]]. | |||
[[Category:Geography of Westarctica]] | [[Category:Geography of Westarctica]] | ||